Distressed debt explained clearly. Learn what distressed debt is, how it’s priced, why investors buy it, recovery and capital structure priorities, and key CFA & FRM exam concepts.

Government bonds explained clearly. Learn what government bonds are, why they are considered risk-free, their role as benchmarks, yield curves, risks, and exam relevance for CFA & FRM.

Spot price explained clearly. Learn what spot price means, how it differs from future price, its role in arbitrage, cost of carry, and derivative pricing for CFA & FRM exams.

Cost of carry explained intuitively. Learn what cost of carry means, its components, positive vs negative carry, and how it drives futures and forward pricing for CFA & FRM exams.

Future price explained clearly. Learn what future price represents, how it relates to spot price, cost of carry logic, no-arbitrage pricing, and key CFA & FRM exam concepts.

Binomial option model explained step by step. Learn how binomial trees value call and put options, risk-neutral probabilities, backward induction, and why the model is key for CFA and FRM exams.

Call option explained clearly. Learn what a call option is, how its payoff and profit work, buyer vs seller risk, early exercise logic, and key exam concepts for CFA and FRM.

Put option explained clearly. Learn what a put option is, how its payoff works, the difference between payoff and profit, buyer vs seller risk, and key exam concepts for CFA and FRM.

I-spread explained clearly. Learn what I-spread measures, how it’s calculated, why swap rates are used as benchmarks, and how I-spread differs from G-spread and Z-spread for CFA and FRM exams.