Understand dividend payout ratio, how it affects retention, sustainable growth rate, and valuation models, and why payout policy matters in CFA corporate finance exams.

Learn what sustainable growth rate SGR means, how it links ROE and retention ratio, and how to assess whether a company can grow without issuing new equity for CFA exams.

Understand DuPont analysis and how it breaks down return on equity into profitability, efficiency, and leverage components for deeper financial statement analysis in CFA exams.

Learn how the revaluation method updates asset values, how gains and losses are treated, and why revaluation affects equity not cash in CFA and FRM exams.

Understand what qualifies as investment property, why it is treated differently from owner-occupied property, and how measurement affects profit and analysis.

Understand depreciation as a non-cash expense, how asset costs are allocated over time, and why depreciation affects profit, taxes, and valuation.

LIFO liquidation explained clearly. Understand how selling old inventory layers inflates profits, affects taxes and cash flows, and why analysts adjust for it in CFA exams.

Inventory write-down explained clearly. Understand why inventory is written down, its impact on profit and balance sheet, IFRS vs US GAAP treatment, and common CFA–FRM exam traps.

Basic EPS explained clearly. Learn what earnings per share represents, how Basic EPS is calculated, why weighted average shares matter, and common exam mistakes for CFA and finance students.